Project+of+Chemistry

Thao Tran Project :**All The Element** Ms: Marx   At the first term we learned about the periodic. But in the periodic they have a lot element. However, we have a lot experiment about any element in the periodic and we know about the physical and chemicals the element in the periodic. Now, I will introduction to you about the example in the periodic is **Silicon**. So, we very conscious what is the element Silicon? What is the chemicals and physical of silicon? …Now, I will decide that question for you!!!!!!!!!!!!! **Silicon**  In the periodic Silicon is the element in group 14 and periodic is 3. · **Symbol **: Si · **Atomic Number: **14 · **Atomic Mass: **28.0855 · **Number of the proton: **14 · **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Number of the neutron: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">14 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Number of the electron: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">14 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Electron per shell: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2, 8,4 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Electron configuration **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: [ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[|Ne] ] 3s2 3p2 · **Electron most common isotope is 28 with (92.23%)** . <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Silicon is the element found by Johns J Berzelius in Stockholm, Sweden in 1824. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In 1824 Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method and purified the product by removing the flu silicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Silicon is the element very important about the technology. Therefore, in the California they have area of the industry name Silicon Valley.
 * History of the Silicon**

Physical Properties of Silicon
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Atomic Mass Average **:<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 28.0855 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">State **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: Solid <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Boiling Point **:<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 2628[|K] 2355°[|C] 4271°[|F] <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Density **:<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 2.33g/cc @ 300K <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· ** Description: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Hard dark gray non-metal. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· ** Enthalpy of Atomization: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 439.3 kJ/mole @ 25°C <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· ** Enthalpy of Fusion: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 46.44 kJ/mole <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· ** Enthalpy of Vaporization: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 439 kJ/mole <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· ** Freezing Point: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> //see melting point// Silicon behaves chemically in the same way as <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **Carbon** which is to be expected, as it has the same number of outer shell electrons. Silicon can form extended covalently bonded lattices as well as molecules. Below are two examples of covalently bonded Silicon: first is Silicon Tetrachloride which is a discreet molecule, and secondly the covalently bonded lattice that is Silicon Dioxide, the primary component of sand. With Silicon Dioxide, look for the Silicon atoms that are bonded four ways. Therefore, it shows all the Silicon atoms are bonded throughout the entire lattice. SiH4, Si2H6, SiF4, SiCl4, SiI4, SiO2, SiS2, Si3N4 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">There are 3stable isotopes Hafnium that are all radioactive but have different number of neutron in nucleus. So they have different numbers of neutron in nucleus. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Silicon _28 (with 14 neutrons) Silicon _29 (with 15 neutrons) Silicon_30 (with 16 neutrons) Its half life been determine to be approximenately by 170 years and its decay by beta and it decays by beta - emissionto 32P (which has a 14.28 day half-life ) and then to 32S In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin;">Silicon is by far the most widely used semiconductor in the device industry, and is the basis for modern electronics. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 A. [|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon**] [|**http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Si.html**] [] [] []
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Chemical Properties of Silicon **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">
 * The common form:** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">which has 14 neutrons in its nucleus along with the 14 protons and Silicon is the element compund with
 * The isotope of the Silicon**:
 * Use**: Silicon is the element very abundant. Therefore, they very useful in the life such as in the medical and commerce:
 * Bibliography**